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The interrelationships between biological and psychological factors influencing the etiology, progression and treatment of orofacial pain and temporomandibular disorders are considered in a systematic approach. These clinical conditions are best considered relative to a “dual axis system” comprised of a physical diagnosis on one axis, coordinated with the assessment of psychological stress and psychosocial dysfunction on the other. Basic concepts and principles of nociception and pain, of the impact of pain perception on psychological well-being, of the relationship between the perception of pain and motor dysfunction and, finally, of considerations regarding treatment of chronic orofacial pain are considered.
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